Lake Chad’s lakebed is flat and shallow, so small changes in water level greatly affect its surface water area. Notice, too, the increases in vegetation as permanent or seasonal marshes became the norm.Throughout the 1970s, water disappeared from the northern basin. 1 As the hydrography of Lake Chad changes, decreasing in size by nearly 90 percent since the 1960s, the vanishing shoreline exposes new prospects for militarized actors to establish and retain control. The desert appears tan, wetlands are green, and open water is blue.The black and white 1963 image is from the film-based Argon reconnaissance satellite program, declassified in the 1990s.Oct. A This image series shows the location of the Chari River delta on the southern end of Lake Chad, along with increasing amounts of wetland.Oct. Back then, the lake covered about 25,000 square kilometers, an area the size of the U.S. state of Vermont. There is evidence that groundwater in aquifers is relatively close to the surface and may be “recharging“ parts of the lake. and Oguntola, J.A. Lake Chad, Africa; February 7 and 11, 2004. The researchers also found that the effect was strong enough to override short-lived, mild recoveries in lake levels during La Niña phases of ENSO, which typically bring wetter conditions. For example, Lopez has been using remote sensing to examine the role of underground water in the Lake Chad basin. 3, p. 233–241.Bloemen, S., 2011, Lake Chad’s receding water level heightens risks of malnutrition and disease: UNICEF, available online at Buma, W.G., Lee, S.-I., and Seo, J.Y., 2018, Recent Surface Water Extent of Lake Chad from Multispectral Sensors and GRACE: Sensors, v. 18, no. The Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC or CBLT in French) is an intergovernmental organization that oversees water and other natural resource usage in the basin. Most precipitation in the Sahel falls during the peak of a short rainy season from July through September. Nestled in a low spot within a huge basin in west-central Africa is an isolated blue dot: That’s Lake Chad. 2, p. 471–502, Olivry, J-C., Chouret, A., Vuillaume, G., Lemoalle, J., and Bricquet, J-P., 1996, Hydrologie du lac Tchad: Paris, ORSTOM, 266 p.Policelli, F., Hubbard, H., Jung, H.C., Zaitchik, B., and Ichoku, C., 2018, Lake Chad Total Surface Water Area as Derived from Land Surface Temperature and Radar Remote Sensing Data: Remote Sensing, v. 10, no. 4, 2018, Landsat 8 (path/row 185/50) — northern Lake ChadFeb. (eds), Global International Waters Assessment, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden, 154 p. (Also available online at UNEP, 2010, Transboundary Water Resources—Lake Chad Basin, U.S. Agency for International Development, Famine Early Warning System, 1997, Lake Chad—untapped potential: FEWS Special Report 97-4.Thanks to Jean-Claude Olivry of ORSTOM for his assistance. News Nigeria: Jihadis take hundreds hostage near Lake Chad. The organization's secretariat is located in N'Djamena, Chad. Depending on the season, the area of the surface varies from c.10,000 to 26,000sq km … During an average rainy season, the water level in the lake is typically 5–8 meters deep, although it has gone through many wet and dry climatic regimes for thousands of years when water levels were much higher or lower than normal.
Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental ChangeOct. “However, the geopolitical situation is making things worse, as well-intentioned science teams that may want to set up measurements are often deterred by the physical dangers they are likely to face.”Scientists have made some progress. The first was acquired in 1963 with a camera onboard a reconnaissance satellite from the By the 1970s, change was underway. A transition to a strong The chart above shows the water levels of Lake Chad, as calculated from a combination of ground-based gauges and from altimeters on the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite.
Social conflicts and insecurity in the region make it difficult to monitor water levels with ground-based measurements. More recently, variations in depth and extent were noted by French explorer Jean Tilho, who The following images highlight some of the major turning points in the recent life of Lake Chad.NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using declassified Corona data provided by the The photographs above and below show some of the earliest space-based views of Lake Chad.
Okonkwo and colleagues think a transition of the AMO from a cold (dry) phase to a warmer (wet) phase has played a role. While lake levels now appear to be stable, and rainfall is increasing somewhat, the existing data are not enough to say for sure what the future looks like. The water level is largely controlled by the inflow from rivers, notably the Chari River from the south and, seasonally, the Komodugu-Yobe from the northwest. The dry season is most intense between November and March.
6, p. 16–43.Ibrahim, T., Nichol, J. E., and Birkett, C. M., 2007, Relationship between altimeter data and areal extent of water in the Lake Chad Basin, Jackel, D., 1984, Rainfall patterns and lake level fluctuations at Lake Chad, Kolawole, A., 1987, Environmental change and the South Chad Irrigation Project (Nigeria): Journal of Arid Environments, v. 13, p. 169–176.Lopez, T., Antoine, R., Kerr, Y., Darrozes, J., Rabinowicz, M., Ramillien, G., Cazenave, A., and Genthon, P, 2016, Subsurface Hydrology of the Lake Chad Basin from Convection Modelling and Observations: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 37, no. 31, 1963, Argon satellite photograph — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadJanuary 1973, Landsat 1 (path/row 198–199/50–51) — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadJanuary 1987, Landsat 5 (path/row 184–186/50–52) — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadMay 2003, Landsat 7 (path/row 184, 185–186/50–52) — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadMay 2013, Landsat 8 (path/row 184–186/50–52) — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadMay–June 2018, Landsat 8 (path/row 184–186/50–52) — Chari River Delta, Lake ChadLake Chad’s lakebed is flat and shallow, so small changes in water level greatly affect its surface water area. 1, p. 59–73.ScienceDaily, 2001, Africa’s Lake Chad shrinks by 20 times due to irrigation demands, climate change: ScienceDaily, available online at ScienceDaily, 2012, Lake Chad—Inhabitants adapt to lower water levels: ScienceDaily, available online at UNEP, 2004, Lake Chad Basin—GIWA Regional assessment 43: Fortnam, M.P. In the mid-1960s, Lake Chad was about the size of Lake Erie.
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